Addition to prescription drugs among elderly Annotated Bibliography

Expansion to physician endorsed drugs among old - Annotated Bibliography Example Organization on Aging. Recovered from http://www.aoa.gov/AoARoot/AoA_Programs/HPW/Behavioral/docs2/Issue%20Brief%205%20Prescription%20Med%20Misuse%20Abuse.pdf The Administration on Aging (AOA) (2012) portrayed the issue of physician recommended medicine abuse and maltreatment among more established grown-ups, which is now a general medical issue. Abuse and maltreatment of doctor prescribed medications allude to non-clinical utilization of physician endorsed drugs. The brief contended that the old is inclined to abuse and maltreatment of medications that can have negative communication impacts. On the off chance that a portion of the old are as of now manhandling and abusing professionally prescribed medications, the dangers of mishandling different medications might be available and result to more noteworthy medical issues. Costello, R.B., Leser, M., and Coates, P.M. (2009). Dietary enhancements: Current information and future wildernesses. In C.W. Bundles, and Ritchie C.S. (Eds.), Handbook of clinical nourishment and maturing (second ed.) (pp.553-634). New York: Humana Press. Costello, Leser, and Coates (2009) noticed that, however a few sorts of natural medication have been seen as successful, its absence of guideline makes it difficult to concentrate how it functions and what its harmfulness levels are. They stated that not many of current home grown prescriptions are tried for adequacy and harmfulness levels. They clarified that association chances between home grown enhancements and physician endorsed medications of the older are high on the grounds that the old will in general take in more medication than more youthful grown-ups. These analysts additionally discussed the dietary needs of the old that must be offset with physician endorsed sedate impacts. Djuv, A., Nilsen, O.G., and Steinsbekk, A. (2013). The co-utilization of traditional medications and herbs among patients in Norwegian general practice: A cross-sectional examination. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 13, 295. Recovered from http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/13/295 Djuv, Nilsen, and Steinsbekk (2013) led a cross-sectional investigation to comprehend the co-utilization of

Financial Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Monetary Plan - Essay Example T $1,500 $125 $1,500 $125 Electricity $360 $30 $360 $30 Insurance $500 $42 $500 $42 Administrative Cost $900 $75 $900 $75 Depreciation $15,000 $1,250 $12,000 $1,000 Promotional and Marketing Cost $103,000 $8,583 $67,000 $5,583 TOTAL $206,260 $17,188 $293,260 $24,438 Based on above deals projection and cost estimation, complete introductory beginning up cost for the principal working year has been evaluated at $627510 and this separations for this underlying expense is given beneath. Beginning Start up Cost for first year of Operation TOTAL Capital Expenditure $328,250 Cost Of Goods Sold for the main Year $20,800 Fixed Overheads Expenses for First Year $206,260 Liquid Cash $72,200 Start Up Cost Total for the principal years $627,510 Therefore, in view of the above required introductory expense for the business, the essential capital will be acquired from the shareholders’ commitments and from the long and momentary advances. The accompanying table presents source and cost of va rious capitals. Wellspring of Capital Investment Required For first years $627,510 Capital from Shareholders $313,755 Short Term Loan @ 8% $62,751 Capital From Long term Loan @ 10% $251,004 Income Statement After deciding the evaluated cost for the various exercises like tasks, producing, advancement and so forth, the anticipated pay proclamation can be readied considering assessed deals. Month to month deals conjecture has been assessed for the initial two years, and the anticipated salary articulations have created on month to month reason for the primary years. The accompanying table shows salary articulation for the primary year. Pay Statement for First Year  Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Yearly Sales Units 40 45 50 53 60 70 75 77 80 90 92 100 832 Revenue $2,000 $2,250 $2,500 $2,650 3,000 $3,500 $3,750 $3,850 $4,000 $4,500 $4,600 $5,000... For planning three significant fiscal reports for example Salary proclamation, income and asset report vital zones like deals projection, assessed cost, required capital and different ventures should have been resolved appropriately. The accompanying table portrays evaluated cost for capital venture required for assembling unit and office types of gear. Significant capital venture incorporates programming improvement cost for tablet PC and different apparatuses like PC and devices. For the workplaces, vital furniture will likewise be necessitated that will bring about certain measure of cost. Also, there will be sure fixed overhead that will be brought about in consistently. The expenses of vital fixed overheads are given in the table for initial two years. Along these lines, in light of the above required beginning expense for the business, the important capital will be gotten from the shareholders’ commitments and from the long and transient advances. The accompanying table presents source and cost of various capitals. In the wake of deciding the assessed cost for the various exercises like tasks, producing, improvement and so forth, the anticipated pay explanation can be readied considering evaluated deals. Month to month deals figure has been evaluated for the initial two years, and the anticipated salary proclamations have created on month to month reason for the primary years. The accompanying table shows salary explanation for the principal year. In the main, year of activity, the deals will be required to low, and then again, the fixed costs will higher because of high limited time and advertising, and devaluations.

Reducing the Stigma of Mental Health Care in Veterans

Reducing the Stigma of Mental Health Care in Veterans PTSD PTSD and the Military Print Reducing the Stigma of Mental Health Care in Veterans By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Updated on July 22, 2019 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children KidStock / Getty Images Many people avoid seeking out help for psychological problems because of the perceived stigma associated with needing mental health care. This may particularly be the case for military service members. OEF/OIF soldiers face a number of highly stressful situations, including deployment, combat exposure, and reintegration. Given this, it is really not that surprising that OEF/OIF veterans are showing high rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), alcohol use,  anger management problems, physical health problems, and suicide). However, many do not seek out treatment for these difficulties. In fact, one study found that only about half get treatment. Stigma as a Barrier to Seeking Treatment According to an article in the American Psychological Associations Monitor on Psychology, a major reason many service members do not seek out treatment is the stigma associated with receiving mental health care. Many service members are worried that disclosing psychological difficulties or seeking out mental health treatment will negatively affect their military careers. However, the consequences of not seeking out treatment can be dire. Untreated psychological difficulties may only get worse and could have a major impact on a soldiers ability to perform in combat or at home when they return from duty. What Is Being Done to Combat Stigma The Department of Defense has recognized that stigma is a major problem in the armed forces, and as a result, every branch of the military is taking steps to combat the stigma associated with mental health problems and seeking out treatment. For example, to limit fear that the report of psychological difficulties will negatively impact security clearance, the Department of Defense no longer requires people to report if they have sought out mental health care for combat-related reasons. In addition, high-ranking military personnel is sharing their experiences with PTSD and the treatment they received. The Department of Defense is also attempting to convey that the experience of stress as a result of combat-related experiences is normal. Finally, the Department of Defense launched an anti-stigma campaign called the Real Warriors Campaign. This campaign is designed to promote resilience, recovery, and support for returning service members, veterans, and their families. Getting Help If you are a returning service member in need of mental health services, it is important to go to your local VA for help. Services are available. You can also find useful information on getting help at the websites of the National Center for PTSD and Anxiety Disorder Association of America. If you need to find a psychiatrist, visit  UCompare Healthcare to locate one in your area.

1984 Analysis of Big Brother - 1289 Words

In the oppressive, dystopian society of Oceania in the novel 1984, the Party has complete control over thoughts, language, and even the personal lives of Oceanians. The character, Big Brother, is likely a fictional character created by the Party, the most elite and powerful in this authoritarian society ruling over the gullible and brainwashed people of AirStrip One (today known as England). This is monitored with intense and invasive surveillance done through citizens and technology, impeding the character development of the inhabitants of Oceania. George Orwell uses the minor, yet significant character of Big Brother to represent the motif of a dictatorship as well as the motif of surveillance; this totalitarian leader is indirectly†¦show more content†¦The Party makes children feel powerful when they have positions of influence and thereby generates eternal loyalty to the party while having them surveil the public. This is seen in Part 1, Chapter 2: â€Å"Winston raised his hands above his head, but with an uneasy feeling†¦ ‘You’re a traitor!’ yelled the boy. ‘You’re a thought-criminal! You’re a Eurasian spy! I’ll shoot you, I’ll vaporize you, I’ll send you to the salt mines!† Their loyalty to the Party is demonstrated when they use vocabulary of the party such as â€Å"vaporize†. They threaten to arrest their neighbor and later go on to arrest their own father. Big Brother’s method of surveillance instills loyalty in the future generations of Oceania. Lastly, the character of Big Brother represents control and surveillance, as well as affects the development of other characters by inhibiting emotions, speech, and freedoms. This hindrance in character development is seen as Mr. Parsons feels the need to deny to himself his rebellious thoughts in Part 3, Chapter 1: â€Å"Down with Big Brother!† Yes, I said that! Said it over and over again, it seems. Betwe en you and me, old man, I’m glad they got me before it went any further.† His fake disbelief shows that the fear that the Party has instilled in him causes him to deny his true beliefs and take away his freedom of speech. ThisShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Big Brother And George Orwells 1984713 Words   |  3 Pagestortured with your wildest fears. These what-if’s become reality in 1984, a novel written by George Orwell. Orwell’s 1984 follows the story of a dystopian society and one man’s path to rebellion. The main character, Winston, wrestles with the idea of oppression implemented by the totalitarian-style government and eventually decides he must rebel. His story is one of love, trust, torture, and defeat. The government system used in Orwell’s 1984 is similar to the Nazi regime in that they both had strict leadersRead More1984 Argument1249 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Orwell’s book 1984 is a very interesting novel. The novel is set up in Airstrip One. In George Orwell’s book 1984 it has many situations. One of the many situations are that some people refer society as â€Å"Orwellian.† What does Orwellian mean? Orwellian means, of or related to the works of George Orwell ( especially his picture of his future totalitarian state.) People believe that Orwell is realistic and say his work part of our society now. George Orwell was a writer in the twentieth centuryRead MoreThe Problem Of Self-Expression In 1984 By George Orwell848 Words   |  4 Pages(Orwell70). In George Orwells 1984 he shows the authority a government can have on ones life even when all they want is self-expression. Many are too frightened to rebel, yet when one does it impacts his life forever. Even though the society of 1984 by George Orwell claims to be complete and total censorship, the problem of wanting more self-expression is still evident which is shown through indirect characterization, symbolism, and themes. George Orwell 1984 utilizes components of indirectRead MoreIntroduction. 1984 Is One Of OrwellS Most Famous Masterpieces,1267 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction 1984 is one of Orwell s most famous masterpieces, and it is a work of opposition to totalitarianism. As a political allegory, 1984 is also Orwell’s last work, which is with his greatest efforts. On the basis of his own experience, Orwell combines reality and 1984 closely, in order to give people a sense of reality. In the book, the description of anti Utopia reflects Orwell s concern about the political trend of the whole human society. His political thinking is summed up in this bookRead MoreAnalysis Of 1984 By George Orwell954 Words   |  4 PagesSophie Moore Mrs. N. Finley E209R3 – 1984 literary analysis 27 January 2015 Symbolism throughout 1984 The novel 1984 is a futuristic totalitarian society where everyone is kept under close surveillance and is forced to follow all rules and laws of the state. The novel 1984 was written by George Orwell and published in 1950. The main characters were Big Brother, Winston Smith, Julia, O’Brien, Syme and Emmanuel Goldstein. Winston Smith is a low man on the totem pole when it came to the ruling PartyRead MoreA Literary Analysis Of 1984 By George Orwell721 Words   |  3 Pages The essay your about to read is a literary analysis of the book â€Å"1984 by George Orwell† it was written in 1948 as a thriller. Winston Smith is the main character of this story followed by two characters â€Å"Julia and O’Brien.† The book starts off with main character Winston being very frustrated with what is called the â€Å"Party† lead by a man named â€Å"Big Brother† hints the saying â€Å"big brother is watching you† from â€Å"George Orwells worst f ear† stated by express.co.uk. the book takes you for a rideRead MoreRhetorical Analysis : Apple Commercial1230 Words   |  5 PagesRhetorical Analysis: Apple Commercial This paper will examine a particular Apple ad that appeared on television in 1984. The Macintosh was and still is very popular computer that provides a simplistic feel of creativeness and freedom. Freedom is a key concept because the ad expresses the need to have a sense of freedom to do what we want with no restrictions. Apple is well-known all over the world for the sex appeal to its products, like the iPhone, iPad, and the Macintosh series. These productsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel 1984 By George Orwell1205 Words   |  5 Pagesphenomenon is evident in George Orwell’s novel, 1984 in which the protagonist, Winston possesses critical features of a rebel. The rebellious personality of Winston is first introduced to the reader through his thoughtcrime’s. This trait is also distinctly seen through the doubts he has towards the governing party. Finally, the characteristic of rebellion is also successfully shown through Winston’s desire for happiness. It is ev ident that through the novel 1984, Winston is a rebellious character. WinstonRead More1984 Propaganda1571 Words   |  7 Pages1984: Propaganda and Persuasion A) The 5 examples of different techniques of propaganda and persuasion from 1984 are: * Glittering Generality- emotionally appealing words that are applied to a product or idea, but present no concrete argument or analysis. * Ad Hominem- Attacking ones opponent, as opposed to attacking their arguments * Milieu Control- An attempt to control the social environment and ideas through the use of social pressure. * Bandwagon- Appeals attempt to persuadeRead MoreEnglish Year 11 Essay1148 Words   |  5 Pagesthe texts you have studied? In your response you should relate to your prescribed text (1984) and ONE related text. Power can be defined as many types ranging from physical, psychological, love, status or government. With power comes great responsibility. If power is not controlled, negative consequences could be developed. 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Childrens Literature Becoming an Equalizer - 876 Words

â€Å"While we are undeniably a multicultural society, we are not yet a truly pluralistic society where persons of every ethnic background and race share equal access to opportunities for empowering their lives and have the right to pursue their own good.† (Bundy, 1992) The upperclass were wise to the importance of reading; which, is the basis for leaving England settling in America. Children’s literature started with teaching to read for the expressed purpose of understanding the word of a higher power and living accordingly. The importance of literacy becomes more apparent as society falls in to war. Furthermore, many authors, philosophers and many other important figures in history impacted children’s literature, expanding on the original†¦show more content†¦The moldable mind once filled with practical applications will understand the lessons taught by the novel. Daniel Defoe, author of the novel, wrote about singular man on an island fighting to sur vive until rescue; similar to the aging of children. With this in mind, children’s British and American literature explored the two sides of the adventure stories. Boys’ Stories, Adventure Stories, were influenced by Defoe’s story depicting a castaway’s survival. They were created for boys because they showcased heroism in the face of an issue. â€Å"The protagonists characteristically display more than ordinary abilities in single-mindedly pursuing a moral cause, and in the best stories they are changed and enriched by their adventures.† (â€Å"Adventure Stories,† 2001)Usually in the form of young male beginning a journey, which is more about the self discovery than the events. Both the British and American authors wrote these tales like Robert Luis Stevenson’s Treasure Island and The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain. British tales were exploratory, not exclusively set in England more often in jungles or uncharted places. America was still being discovered the stories were set on the North American continent because there were enough adventures at home. Moreover, the time between the two wor ld wars was a time for escapism and fantasy. After the first world war, everyone was in a state of rebuilding and moving forward. Fantasy literature included animals acting asShow MoreRelatedAin t No Making It Chapter Summaries Essay9177 Words   |  37 Pagesok with staying working class? MacLeod challenges the notion that America is the land of opportunity with research he conducted while in college. He uses the research of several reproduction theorists to show that schools not only are not great equalizers, as most think, but actually reinforce social inequality. Chapter 2 Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis, both Marxists, believe the American education system builds off of and reinforces the structure of class relations in the U.S. by training theRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagestwenty-first century. Despite our circumstances, in other words, and despite the technological resources we have available to us, the same basic human skills still lie at the heart of effective human interaction. In fact, human relationships are becoming more important, not less, as the information age unfolds and technologies encroach even more upon our daily lives. Most of us are exposed to more information each day than we can possibly pay attention to. More than 6,000 business books are published

Organizational Environments and Cultures Free Essays

————————————————- PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT ————————————————- CHAPTER 3: ORGANIZATIONAL ENVIRONMENTS AND CULTURES 1. HOW CHANGING ENVIRONMENTS AFFECT ORGANIZATIONS Environmental change: The rate at which a company’s general and specific environment changes * Stable environments: the rate of environmental change is slow * Dynamic environments: the rate of environmental change is fast * Punctuated equilibrium theory: companies go through long periods of stability, followed by a short complex period of dynamic change (revolutionary periods) to later return to stability * Environmental complexity: Refers to the number and intensity of external factors in the environment that affect organizations * Simple environments: few environmental factors Complex environmen ts: many environmental factors * Resource scarcity: Refers to the abundance or shortage of critical organizational resources in an organization external environment * Uncertainty: How well managers can understand or predict the external changes and trends affecting their business * Uncertainty is lowest when environmental change and complexity are at low levels and resource scarcity is small (if environment is not too complicated and doesn’t change much it’s easy to predict) . FOUR COMPONENTS OF GENERAL ENVIRONMENT: 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Environments and Cultures or any similar topic only for you Order Now Economy * It influences basic business decisions such as whether to hire more employees, expand production, or take out loans to purchase * In a growing economy more products are bought and sold, more people work and salaries rise; and viceversa (in shrinking economy) * Business Confidence Indices: shows how confidente actual managers are about future business growth 2. Political/Legal Trends Includes legislation, regulations, and court decisions that govern and regulate business behaviour * New laws and regulations continue to impose additional responsibilities to companies 3. Sociocultural Trends * Demographic characteristics, general behaviour, attitudes and beliefs of people in a particular society 4. Technological Trends * Refers to the knowledge, tools and techniques used to transform inputs into outputs 3. FIVE COMPONENTS OF SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENT The specific environment is the environment that is unique to a firm’s industry and that directly affects the way it conducts day-to-day business. 1. Customer: * Monitoring customer’s changing wants and needs is critical to business success. It can be done in two ways: i. Reactive customer monitoring: identifying and addressing customer trends and problems after they occur ii. Proactive customer monitoring: identifying and addressing customer needs, trends and issues before they occur 2. Competitor: Companies need to keep close track of what their competitors are doing * To do so, they perform a competitive analysis * A competitive analysis involves deciding who your competitors are, anticipating competitors’ moves, and determining competitors’ strenghts and weaknesses 3. Supplier: * Supplier dependence: the degree to which a company relies on that supplier because of the importance of the supplier’s product to the company * Buyer dependence: the de gree to which a supplier relies on a buyer because of the importance of that buyer to the supplier’s sales * A igh degree of supplier or buyer dependence can lead to oportunistic behaviour (benefiting at the expense of the other) * In contrast, relationship behaviour focuses on establishing a mutually beneficial, long-term relationship between buyers and suppliers 4. Industry Regulations: * Regulations and rules that govern the practices and procedures of specific industries, businesses and professions * Unlike the political/legal component of the general environment, this does not affect all businesses 5. Advocacy Groups: These are groups of concerned citizens who band together to try to influence the business practices of specific industries, businesses and professions * e. g. environmental advocacy groups try to influence manufacturers to pollute less * Ways in which advocacy groups can influence businesses: iii. Public communications: voluntary participation of media indu stry to send out the group’s message iv. Media advocacy: involves framing the group’s concern as public issues that affect everyone, forcing media coverage v. Product boycott: advocacy groups actively try to persuade consumers not to purchase a company’s product or service 4. MAKING SENSE OF CHANGING ENVIRONMENTS Because external environments can be dynamic, confusing and complex, managers use a three-step process to make sense of the changes in their external environments: 1. Environmental scanning: * Searching the environment for important events or issues that might affect the organization * Manager scan the environment to reduce incertainty 2. Interpreting Environmental factors: * After scanning, the company determines what environmental events and issues mean to the organization. * Distinguish environmental events as either threats or opportunities 3. Actiong on threats and opportunities: * Managers decide how to respond to these environmental factors * Because it is impossible to comprehend all the factors and changes, managers rely on Cognitive maps that summarize the perceived relationships between environmental factors and possible organizational actions 5. INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTS – ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE Organizational culture is the set of beliefs, values and attitudes shared b members of an organization. * Creating an Organizational Culture: * The founder is the primary source of an organization’s culture * Founders create organizations at their own image * When founders are gone, culture is kept with: i. Stories: to emphasize culturally consistent assumptions, decisions, and actions ii. Heroes: people admired for their qualities and achievements within the organization. Successful Organizational Cultures: * Are Adaptable * Have employee involvement * Have a clear company vision * Are Consistent, Strong culture (even though strong cultures reduce adaptability) * Changing Organizational Cultures: * Culture has three levels: iii. Seen (surface level) iv. Heard (expressed values beliefs) v. Believed (unconscious assumptions beliefes) * Managers should only focus on the parts of the culture they can control, those are the s urface level items and expressed values and beliefs How to cite Organizational Environments and Cultures, Papers

Organizational Environments and Cultures Free Essays

————————————————- PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT ————————————————- CHAPTER 3: ORGANIZATIONAL ENVIRONMENTS AND CULTURES 1. HOW CHANGING ENVIRONMENTS AFFECT ORGANIZATIONS Environmental change: The rate at which a company’s general and specific environment changes * Stable environments: the rate of environmental change is slow * Dynamic environments: the rate of environmental change is fast * Punctuated equilibrium theory: companies go through long periods of stability, followed by a short complex period of dynamic change (revolutionary periods) to later return to stability * Environmental complexity: Refers to the number and intensity of external factors in the environment that affect organizations * Simple environments: few environmental factors Complex environmen ts: many environmental factors * Resource scarcity: Refers to the abundance or shortage of critical organizational resources in an organization external environment * Uncertainty: How well managers can understand or predict the external changes and trends affecting their business * Uncertainty is lowest when environmental change and complexity are at low levels and resource scarcity is small (if environment is not too complicated and doesn’t change much it’s easy to predict) . FOUR COMPONENTS OF GENERAL ENVIRONMENT: 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Environments and Cultures or any similar topic only for you Order Now Economy * It influences basic business decisions such as whether to hire more employees, expand production, or take out loans to purchase * In a growing economy more products are bought and sold, more people work and salaries rise; and viceversa (in shrinking economy) * Business Confidence Indices: shows how confidente actual managers are about future business growth 2. Political/Legal Trends Includes legislation, regulations, and court decisions that govern and regulate business behaviour * New laws and regulations continue to impose additional responsibilities to companies 3. Sociocultural Trends * Demographic characteristics, general behaviour, attitudes and beliefs of people in a particular society 4. Technological Trends * Refers to the knowledge, tools and techniques used to transform inputs into outputs 3. FIVE COMPONENTS OF SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENT The specific environment is the environment that is unique to a firm’s industry and that directly affects the way it conducts day-to-day business. 1. Customer: * Monitoring customer’s changing wants and needs is critical to business success. It can be done in two ways: i. Reactive customer monitoring: identifying and addressing customer trends and problems after they occur ii. Proactive customer monitoring: identifying and addressing customer needs, trends and issues before they occur 2. Competitor: Companies need to keep close track of what their competitors are doing * To do so, they perform a competitive analysis * A competitive analysis involves deciding who your competitors are, anticipating competitors’ moves, and determining competitors’ strenghts and weaknesses 3. Supplier: * Supplier dependence: the degree to which a company relies on that supplier because of the importance of the supplier’s product to the company * Buyer dependence: the de gree to which a supplier relies on a buyer because of the importance of that buyer to the supplier’s sales * A igh degree of supplier or buyer dependence can lead to oportunistic behaviour (benefiting at the expense of the other) * In contrast, relationship behaviour focuses on establishing a mutually beneficial, long-term relationship between buyers and suppliers 4. Industry Regulations: * Regulations and rules that govern the practices and procedures of specific industries, businesses and professions * Unlike the political/legal component of the general environment, this does not affect all businesses 5. Advocacy Groups: These are groups of concerned citizens who band together to try to influence the business practices of specific industries, businesses and professions * e. g. environmental advocacy groups try to influence manufacturers to pollute less * Ways in which advocacy groups can influence businesses: iii. Public communications: voluntary participation of media indu stry to send out the group’s message iv. Media advocacy: involves framing the group’s concern as public issues that affect everyone, forcing media coverage v. Product boycott: advocacy groups actively try to persuade consumers not to purchase a company’s product or service 4. MAKING SENSE OF CHANGING ENVIRONMENTS Because external environments can be dynamic, confusing and complex, managers use a three-step process to make sense of the changes in their external environments: 1. Environmental scanning: * Searching the environment for important events or issues that might affect the organization * Manager scan the environment to reduce incertainty 2. Interpreting Environmental factors: * After scanning, the company determines what environmental events and issues mean to the organization. * Distinguish environmental events as either threats or opportunities 3. Actiong on threats and opportunities: * Managers decide how to respond to these environmental factors * Because it is impossible to comprehend all the factors and changes, managers rely on Cognitive maps that summarize the perceived relationships between environmental factors and possible organizational actions 5. INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTS – ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE Organizational culture is the set of beliefs, values and attitudes shared b members of an organization. * Creating an Organizational Culture: * The founder is the primary source of an organization’s culture * Founders create organizations at their own image * When founders are gone, culture is kept with: i. Stories: to emphasize culturally consistent assumptions, decisions, and actions ii. Heroes: people admired for their qualities and achievements within the organization. Successful Organizational Cultures: * Are Adaptable * Have employee involvement * Have a clear company vision * Are Consistent, Strong culture (even though strong cultures reduce adaptability) * Changing Organizational Cultures: * Culture has three levels: iii. Seen (surface level) iv. Heard (expressed values beliefs) v. Believed (unconscious assumptions beliefes) * Managers should only focus on the parts of the culture they can control, those are the s urface level items and expressed values and beliefs How to cite Organizational Environments and Cultures, Papers